Ek hadith ko Islamic shariat ke mutabik qubul hone ke liye paanch sharto se guzarna padta hai, shariat ke farman ke taur par. Ibn as-Salaah ne Hadeeth Saheeh ki wazahat kuch aese ki hai:
“Ek Sahih hadith wo hai jisme musalsal(continuous) isnaad hai, sachhe riwayati jo sachhe rawio se riwayat karte hai, jo beqaidgi(irregularities) ya Aeb se pak ho.”
Al-Mooqizah, p. 24.
1. Ittisaal as-Sanad (Continuity of the chain of transmitters) (Sanad musalsal honi chaiye)
Jo Raawi riwayat karte hai Matn(text) se mutallik, ye zaruri hai ke wo musalsal(continuous) honi chaiye, us hadith ke liye . Wo ye ki koi bhi raawi lapata(missing) nahi hona chaiye jod(chain) se aur har raawi ki baraah-raast(directly) mulakat honi chaiye jo unse pahle hai aur jo unke baad me hai.
Har Raawi inferadi(individual) taur par jana hau hona chaiye warna use fir majhool(unknown) ka darja de diya jata hai aur sanad ko Tuta hua(broken) ka darja de diya jata hai .
2. ‘Adaalah (integrity) (Saccha,eemanwala,etc)
Raawio ki Dyandari(integrity) dusri ahem haalat hai kisi Hadith ko sahih samajhne ke liye. Integrity se muraad ye hai ki Raawi parhezgaar Muslim hona chaiye aur usse koi Bada gunah nai hua hona chaiye. Agar usko jhuta jana jata that oh use Kazzab ka darja de diya jata tha aur Hadith ko Zaeef ka darja de diya jata tha. In haalat ko Kutub ar-Rijaal ke hawale ke zariye Tasdeek kiya jata tha.
[Kutub ar-Rijaal me Raawio ki zindagi ka ilm maujud hota hai.]
3. Dabt (accuracy) (Durustgi)
Matn(Text) ki durustgi ki do chizo se faisla kiya jata hai jin dono ko khud ki taraf se Kafi hona chaiye.
a) Dabt as-Sadr (Soundness of memory) (Yad-dasht achi hona)
Har Raawi ko Yaad karne ki aur fir use dohrane ki durustgi ki salahiyat aala darje ki honi chaiye. Agar koi Raawi ko ek hadith alag alag tarah se dohrane ki rughbat(tendency) hai toh us hadith ko Mudtarib(uljha hua) (confused) karar diya jaega aur koi dusri hadith jise wo riwayat kare use Zaif karar diya jaega. Jab koi raawi ki durustgi ki sateh mamuli ho lekin aur digar sharte sadakat(authenticity) ki puri ho jae, us hadith ko Hasan karaar de diya jata hai.
Har Raawi ko Yaad karne ki aur fir use dohrane ki durustgi ki salahiyat aala darje ki honi chaiye. Agar koi Raawi ko ek hadith alag alag tarah se dohrane ki rughbat(tendency) hai toh us hadith ko Mudtarib(uljha hua) (confused) karar diya jaega aur koi dusri hadith jise wo riwayat kare use Zaif karar diya jaega. Jab koi raawi ki durustgi ki sateh mamuli ho lekin aur digar sharte sadakat(authenticity) ki puri ho jae, us hadith ko Hasan karaar de diya jata hai.
b) Dabt al-Kitaabah (Written accuracy) (likhne ki durustgi)
Har Raawi jo pichli shart, “a”, ko pura nahi karta hai, use apni hadith ko kitabo me nakal karna chaiye durustgi ke saath, aur us ki riwayat sirf uski Kitabo se hona chaiye, in do sharto (a,b) ki Tasdeek Kutub ar-Rijaal se bhi ki ja sakti hai .
4. Ghayr Shaathth (conformity) (Mutabik)
Ye boht ahem hai ki jo hadith ek hi mauzo par ho to wo usi tarah ke hadith ke mutabik ho jiske jod(chain) aur mazbut ho. Agar kisi hadith ka matn ikhtilaf karta hai us hadith se jo usse mazbut sanad ki jod(chain) se ho, ya fir dusre raawio ke anjuman(group) se takrati ho jo ke usi tarha ke haisiyat se ho,use shaathth(errant) (gumraah) karar diya jata hai jo ke ek daif hadith hone ke sharto maise ek hai .
5. Laa ‘Illah (absence of hidden defect) (Poshida aeb ki gair maujoodgi)
Pohida aeb ek wajah hai jiski wajah se upar se to hadith sahih maloom hoti hai par gahraai se chaan-been karne ke baad hi woh wazeh hoti hai. Ek hadith ko saheeh hone ke liye usme poshida aeb ki gair maujoodgi honi chaiye. Hadith jisme poshida aeb hoti hai use ma’lool ya mu’allal kaha jata hai . Ibn al-Madeenee (d. 324AH) ne kaha ki ye aeb tabhi zaahir ho sakta hai jab Hadiths ke sabhi isnaads ko milaya jaye .
JAB KOI HADITH IN PAANCH SHARTO PE QAMYAB HO JATI HAI TO USE SAHIH KA DARJA DE DIYA JATA HAI AUR US HADITH KO SAHIH HADITH KAHA JATA HAI.
(From the works of Dr.Bilal Philips [may Allah showers his mercy on him]).
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